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This day marks the approximate midpoint of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and of winter in the Southern Hemisphere (starting the season at the June solstice). ==Events== *322 BC – Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedonia. * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Constantinople. * 936 – Coronation of King Otto I of Germany. *1420 – Construction of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore begins in Florence. *1427 – The Visconti of Milan's fleet is destroyed by the Venetians on the Po River. *1461 – The Ming dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor. *1679 – The brigantine ''Le Griffon'', commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the south-eastern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes of North America. *1714 – The Battle of Gangut: The first important victory of the Russian Navy. *1782 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle. It is later renamed to the more poetic Purple Heart. *1789 – The United States Department of War is established. *1791 – American troops destroy the Miami town of Kenapacomaqua near the site of present-day Logansport, Indiana in the Northwest Indian War. *1794 – U.S. President George Washington invokes the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania. *1819 – Simón Bolívar triumphs over Spain in the Battle of Boyacá. *1858 – The first Australian rules football match is played between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College. *1879 – The opening of the Poor Man's Palace in Manchester, England. *1890 – Anna Månsdotter becomes the last woman in Sweden to be executed, for the 1889 Yngsjö murder. *1909 – Alice Huyler Ramsey and three friends become the first women to complete a transcontinental auto trip, taking 59 days to travel from New York, New York to San Francisco, California. *1927 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York. *1930 – The last confirmed lynching of blacks in the Northern United States occurs in Marion, Indiana. Two men, Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, are killed. *1933 – The Simele massacre: The Iraqi government slaughters over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Simele. The day becomes known as Assyrian Martyrs Day. *1938 – The Holocaust: The building of Mauthausen concentration camp begins. *1940 – World War II: Alsace-Lorraine is annexed by the Third Reich. *1942 – World War II: The Battle of Guadalcanal begins as the United States Marines initiate the first American offensive of the war with landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands. *1944 – IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I). *1946 – The government of the Soviet Union presented a note to its Turkish counterparts which refuted the latter's sovereignty over the Turkish Straits, thus beginning the Turkish Straits crisis. *1947 – Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day, journey across the Pacific Ocean in an attempt to prove that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from South America. * 1947 – The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). *1955 – Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering, the precursor to Sony, sells its first transistor radios in Japan. *1959 – The Lincoln Memorial design on the U.S. penny goes into circulation. It replaces the "sheaves of wheat" design, and was minted until 2008. * 1959 – Explorer program: ''Explorer 6'' launches from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida. *1960 – Ivory Coast becomes independent from France. *1962 – Canadian-born American pharmacologist Frances Oldham Kelsey awarded the U.S. President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service for her refusal to authorize thalidomide. *1964 – Vietnam War: The U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on American forces. *1966 – Race riots occur in Lansing, Michigan. *1970 – California judge Harold Haley is taken hostage in his courtroom and killed during an effort to free George Jackson from police custody. *1974 – Philippe Petit performs a high wire act between the twin towers of the World Trade Center in the air. *1976 – Viking program: ''Viking 2'' enters orbit around Mars. *1978 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter declares a federal emergency at Love Canal due to toxic waste that had been disposed of negligently. *1979 – Several tornadoes strike the city of Woodstock, Ontario, Canada and the surrounding communities. *1981 – ''The Washington Star'' ceases all operations after 128 years of publication. *1985 – Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai are chosen to be Japan's first astronauts. * 1985 – The White House Farm murders took place near the English village of Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex, England. *1987 – Lynne Cox becomes first person to swim from the United States to the Soviet Union, crossing from Little Diomede Island in Alaska to Big Diomede in the Soviet Union *1989 – U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia. *1998 – The United States embassy bombings in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya kill approximately 212 people. *1999 – The Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade invades neighboring Dagestan. *2008 – The start of the Russo-Georgian War over the territory of South Ossetia. *2012 – Three gunmen kill 19 people in a church near Okene, Nigeria. *2013 – A bombing in a market in Karachi, Pakistan, kills eleven people. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「August 7」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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